The Application of Seven Communication Traditions

Table of Contents The Phenomenological Tradition The Cybernetic tradition The Sociopsychological Tradition The Sociocultural Tradition The Critical Tradition The Rhetorical Tradition References The Phenomenological Tradition It is a theory that deals with personal experience. People have a way of interpreting the things around them and coming up with a formidable experience (Griffin 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Application of Seven Communication Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The attributes can develop even from the time a person is young (Adler Rodman 2003). After examining things and testing them, then one can make a personal judgment. ‘An example of personal experience is about love’ (Littlejohn Foss 2011, p.75). One can understand love by personally experiencing it. One can also gain this experience from the level of contact with something or people determine the meaning it represents to someone (Adler Rodman 2003). Language also becomes the most important vehicle for learning. It has a way of developing meanings to certain things. People experience the world because of the way language expresses it to be. ‘There are things that people know because of the associated labels’ (Griffin 2009, p.210). For instance, when one buys goods that may be in a box, there are labels that indicate which side should face up (Adler Rodman 2003). For other goods, there are even labels that help the user to know which part to open. ‘The way a person interprets a message is central to the already available perception or phenomenological thought’ (Littlejohn Foss 2011, p.73). The thoughts to interpret some message become active whenever similar messages are available. It is then the process of going back to the previous personal experience and using it to interpret the present information (Craig Muller 2007). The Classical Phenomenol ogy expresses truth through direct experience. For some information or something to be entirely true, then one has to put away any biases (Craig Muller 2007). The phenomenology of perception clarifies that people know things only because of their personal relationships to those things. In as much as the world affects people, so do people affect the world through their personal knowledge (Macnamara 2013). Hermeneutic phenomenology adds communication to this definition. It is the words and languages that cause things to have a different meaning in life (Griffin 2009). The Quitline Services Campaign is a progressive way that the government is using to reduce and or stop people from smoking (Miller 2005). The smokers can have time to talk to the campaign officials about their feelings. They can also have time to listen to what others have gone through and decide if they want to remain the same or change their behaviors.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The campaign can establish a means through which the people can assist each other through dialogue and personal assistance to colleagues to encourage quitting (Craig Muller 2007). They can also have a forum through which the people can be writing their personal experience through social networks and the website. The Cybernetic tradition A family is not just a collection of individuals related by blood (Macnamara 2013). A family has an organized system of relating with each other. There are ways in which they interact with one another and influence each other towards making certain decisions (Craig Muller 2007). They have a way in which they communicate with family members to pass a specific message in a specific way. There are also changes that happen within and to the family after some time. They make things to change and people to behave in a certain way. Cybernetics is, therefore, the tradition of com plex systems whereby the complex elements influence one another (Griffin 2009). There is the involvement of physical and biological processes. Some behavioral and social attributes also contribute to cybernetics (Struever 2009). A system results from the contribution of very many others parts that form together something that is more than the collection of the initial parts. In a system, there is the aspect of interdependence that binds the parts together (Craig Muller 2007). One part must rely on the service of the other to make a reasonable impact. Systems also have the attribute of self-regulation and control. The reason for doing so is to maintain stability and to succeed in attains the desired goals. ‘The system can be complex and highly adaptable’ (Craig Muller 2007, p.280). When passing information, the government needs to ensure that the piece of information is highly influential so that it can erode the previous perspective no matter how strong it is (Griffin 2009). The government must not ignore the social and culture factors because they form a system that needs direct attention (Adler Rodman 2003). It may not be the best method to address individual smokers, but it can be a way to form new habits in the smokers. The government can develop a new culture in the reforming and reformed smokers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Application of Seven Communication Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Sociopsychological Tradition Every individual has different parts of the body that come together to make whole human beings. The interactions between these individual parts are what makes one a whole person. The same applies to the human being (Craig Muller 2007). One cannot become a solitary being without being part of a certain family, community, and or a country. The social interaction between these people is what binds them together. Persons are entities with characteristics that lead them to behave in independent ways. Most of the sociopsychological theories are cognitive. They offer guidance on how people process information (Adler Rodman 2003). The human mind is so powerful that it has the capability of grasping, accommodating, and changing information to make the individual to adapt to certain kind of behavior (Struever 2009). Communication scientists are still in a dilemma as to how the human mind functions. They are still doing research to come up with clear explanation. The tradition has three branches that include the behavioral, the cognitive, and the biological (Craig Muller 2007). The behavioral theories concentrate on how people behave in communication situations. There is a relationship between what one says and what one does. It guarantees repetition of behavior if there is a reward that motivates them and helps the to continue the way one behaves. The cognitive theory focuses on the patterns of thought. It is how p eople, acquire, store, and process information that leads to a certain behavior. The mental operations also control what one does (Griffin 2009). The biological scientists have come to believe that most of what people do result from the biological traits. They may not come from learning or any situational factors (Adler Rodman 2003). Dissonance can help the smoker to stop smoking. The government can find some explanations on how to make these people remodel their thoughts towards smoking (Littlejohn Foss 2011). The government can find some psychologists to work with the team so that they can understand the individual smokers before engaging them in the desired change (Adler Rodman 2003). The Sociocultural Tradition It is a tradition that puts more emphasize on the identity of a person (Adler Rodman 2003). Every individual belongs to a certain group of people.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One may be a student, a Christian, a Muslim, and a Hispanic (Craig Muller 2007). The sociocultural approaches theory appeal to the understanding of the people, their norms, and rules. They engage the people as belonging to a given culture. Community or Society comes from some connections that include communication. It is the social interactions that enable people to make meanings of things (Miller 2005). Smokers would always find a way to communicate. When they share cigarettes, they begin relationships that go a long way. Sometimes when they meet they start discussing events and matters that concern their colleagues (Carey 2009). The government can use such interactions to build new relationships and pass a strong message. Because they keep meeting other smokers during their daily routines, the message can spread far and wide (Pernot 2009). Another way is to put them into groups (Carey 2009). One group can comprise of the smokers who are unable to stop smoking because of their per sonal choice. The second one can include those who volunteer to quit smoking (Griffin 2009). Another group can be for those who have quitted and many more (Struever 2009). It would depend on how they categorize them. Those who have quit can be useful in government adverts giving others ideas on how to quit and live a healthy life (Craig Muller 2007). The Critical Tradition Critical communication theory supports the tradition by coming up with the message that gives direction on how to control tobacco (Carey 2009). It also provides messages that would reach out to the smokers to make them stop doing so. The Critical political economy theory gives the governing bodies like the governments the upper hand in stopping the habit (Littlejohn Foss 2011). In short, the government is the one with all the power and, therefore, it can control it the way it seems well. However, it must use its moral obligation in a way that it promotes good health and peace (Adler Rodman 2003). The government can use its power in a positive way to help, support, and manage the menace. It has the available media channel to do its work (Pernot 2009). Through the media, they can construct and spread new and important ideas to the people (Carey 2009). They can use symbols and pictures to force the smokers to let go of their habit. The smokers may think that they are making their personal choice (Griffin 2009). However, most of the tobacco companies have resources to counter what the government does so that they can stay relevant (Craig Muller 2007). They may challenge the government’s decision through their messages and advertisements through the same media. It is upon the government and its agencies to put forward a forceful message (Carey 2009). The Rhetorical Tradition The theory dates back to very many years I the Greek history. It has to do with using words without putting emphasize on the action that somebody should take (Littlejohn Foss 2011). Sometimes it can relate to what politicians do when they are looking for votes. It can relate to public speaking, teaching, and even preaching (Littlejohn Foss 2011). It originally was important for persuasion (Craig Muller 2007). It was an art that involved putting arguments into constructive sense and making the speech. Later it became the process of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas. It is the human symbol. Due to adjustments, it has now evolved to include the use of symbols to affect others (Carey 2009). It focuses more on the speaker and the way the speaker says things rather what they say (Pernot 2009). The health sector may use benevolent rhetoric to help people improve their health. People, therefore, believe that the intention of the user is good (Adler Rodman 2003). There is also conversion rhetoric that can become useful to change the attitude of the people towards something (Adler Rodman 2003). It is the way the preacher or the motivational speaker can engage people to help them choose a superior position over what they have been doing (Craig Muller 2007). It could be the best method that the government can use (Struever 2009). But faced with the anticipated reaction from the smokers, it could only make matters worse (Carey 2009). There are people who would still listen and think that the information is helpful to them. Sometimes a good speech by an influential person like an opinion leader can make a difference. It is upon the government and the government agencies to formulate the policies that would guide the way forward. Some family members can be very helpful. References Adler, R Rodman, G 2003, Understanding human communication, Oxford University Press, New York. Carey, J 2009, Communication as culture, Routledge, New York. Craig, R Muller, H 2007, Theorising communication: readings across traditions, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. Griffin, E 2009, A first look at communication theory. 7th ed. McGraw Hill, New York. Littlejohn, S Foss, K 2011, Theories of human communication. 10th ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California. Macnamara, J 2013, The 21st century media revolution: emergent communication practices. 2nd ed. Peter Lang, New York. Miller, K 2005, Communication theories: perspectives, processes and contexts. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston. Pernot, L 2009, New chapters in the history of rhetoric, Brill, Leiden. Struever, N 2009, The history of rhetoric and the rhetoric of history, Ashgate, Farnham. This essay on The Application of Seven Communication Traditions was written and submitted by user Helena Rosa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dial One, Followed by the Octothorpe

Dial One, Followed by the Octothorpe Dial One, Followed by the Octothorpe Dial One, Followed by the Octothorpe By Maeve Maddox Everyone knows the cross-hatched symbol #. For some its the pound sign because it has been used by greengrocers as a symbol for pound on the little signs pricing fruit and vegetables: .75# (seventy-five cents a pound). For some its the tic-tac-toe sign because of the game that uses it as the playing area. Automated telephone systems instruct us to dial certain numbers, followed by the pound sign, a direction that confused me at first because I think of this symbol as the number sign. As if there werent already enough names for it, engineers at Bell have come up with an official moniker for it: the octothorpe. The octo part comes from the fact that the symbol has eight points. No one seems to be able to say with any certainty where the thorpe comes from. European phone companies, like British Telecom, call the symbol a square, a term apparently too simple for the North American telephone industry. On the other hand, rather than use the obvious word asterisk for that symbol on the dial, the telephone powers prefer to call it a star. Go figure. For an exploration of the etymology of octothorpe visit World Wide Words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses50 Synonyms for â€Å"Villain†

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition

Common Editing and Proofreading Marks in Composition When your instructor returns a composition, are you sometimes puzzled by the abbreviations and symbols that appear in the margins? If so, this guide should help you decipher those marks during the editing and proofreading stages of the writing process. Common Proofreading Marks Explained The following proofreading marks have a brief explanation of the definition your instructor is likely trying to convey for your revisions. ab: Abbreviation  (Use a standard abbreviation or write out the word in full.) ad: Adjective or adverb  (Use the correct form of the modifier.) agr: Agreement  (Use the correct ending to make the verb agree with its subject.) awk: Awkward expression or construction. cap: Capital letter  (Replace a lowercase letter with a capital letter.) case: Case  (Use the appropriate case of the pronoun: subjective, objective, or possessive.) clichà ©: Clichà ©Ã‚  (Replace the worn-out expression with a fresh figure of speech.) coh: Coherence  and cohesion (Make clear connections as you move from one point to the next.) coord: Coordination  (Use coordinating conjunctions to relate equal ideas.) cs: Comma splice  (Replace the comma with a period or a conjunction.) d: Diction  (Replace the word with one thats more precise or appropriate.) dm: Dangling modifier  (Add a word so that the modifier refers to something in the sentence.)   emph: Emphasis  (Restructure the sentence to emphasize a key word or phrase.) frag: Sentence fragment  (Add a subject or verb to make this word group complete.) fs: Fused sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) gloss: Glossary of usage  (Check the glossary to see how to use this word correctly.) hyph: Hyphen  (Insert a hyphen between these two words or word parts.) inc: Incomplete construction. irreg: Irregular verb  (Check our index of verbs to find the correct form of this irregular verb.) ital: Italics  (Put the marked word or phrase in italics.) jarg: Jargon  (Replace the expression with one your readers will understand.) lc: Lowercase letter (Replace a capital letter with a lowercase letter.) mm: Misplaced modifier  (Move the modifier so that it clearly refers to an appropriate word.) mood: Mood  (Use the correct mood of the verb.) nonst: Nonstandard usage  (Use standard words and word forms in formal writing.) org: Organization  (Organize information clearly and logically.) p: Punctuation  (Use an appropriate mark of punctuation.) apostrophe : colon , comma -   dash . period ? question mark quotation marks  ¶: Paragraph break  (Begin a new paragraph at this point.) //: Parallelism  (Express paired words, phrases, or clauses in grammatically parallel form.) pro: Pronoun  (Use a pronoun that refers clearly to a noun.) run-on: Run-on (fused) sentence  (Separate the word group into two sentences.) slang: Slang  (Replace the marked word or phrase with a more formal or conventional expression.) sp: Spelling  (Correct a misspelled word or spell out an abbreviation.) subord: Subordination  (Use a subordinating conjunction to connect a supporting word group to the main idea.) tense: Tense  (Use the correct tense of the verb.) trans: Transition  (Add an appropriate transitional expression to guide readers from one point to the next.) unity: Unity  (Dont stray too far from your main idea.) v/^: Missing letter(s) or word(s). #: Insert a space. wordy: Wordy writing (Cut out unnecessary words.) ww: Wrong word (Use a dictionary to find a more appropriate word.)

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Education - Essay Example This exercise takes five minutes. At 9:28, Mrs. Ted asks the front-benchers to recollect the papers and at 9: 29, the papers are again on her desk. In the last minute, she asks every front-bencher to make a list of the numbers of their respective rows and give the list to her. Its 9:20 and only ten minutes are left to the end of the first period. Mrs. Brown asks all students to submit their papers to her. All children get up at once and rush towards the teacher’s desk. They make a rough pile of assignments on her table. Papers are piled up haphazardly and the order of rows is not followed. Children take about four minutes to do this activity. At 9:24, Mrs. Brown arranges the papers and counts them. She then compares the number of papers with the attendance sheet. At 9:30, she leaves the class with the pile of assignments in her hand. She will check the papers at home and will return to the class the following

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Critical thinking - Essay Example This is the best motivational technique that a parent can use, because it is natural for children to behave in a certain way when their behavior is appreciated with a reward. The term coined by B.F. Skinner, negative reinforcement is a kind of motivational technique that aims at repetition of a certain behavior, by the removal of aversive stimuli. An aversive stimulus is some sort of physical or mental discomfort. A response or behavior is strengthened when an individual knows that he will escape a negative outcome. My mother has always told me to clean up the mess in my room before I leave for school. She has, at times, yelled at me when I left my room untidy. So, I knew that I have to clean up my room in order to escape the anger of my mother. In this example, my mom’s anger was the negative reinforce or the negative outcome, which I avoided by correcting my behavior. Consider a student whose mobile phone rings up when he is attending his favorite math class. His teacher reprimands him in front of his classmates, and gives a lecture on bad effects of using mobile phones during lectures. Since the student feels ashamed in front of his peers, he powers off his phone, and makes up his mind to always switch it off during lectures. This way, his negative behavior is weakened by positive punishment. Negative punishment involves taking away of some expected and desired outcome after a negative behavior is shown. Negative punishment is also intended for weakening the negative behavior, so that it does not happen again in future. I remember myself fighting with my little brother over a video game. He wanted to play it first, while I was saying that since it was my idea, so I should play it first. We started yelling at each other, while each of us snatching the DVD from the other. My mom came in, and with an angry look, took the DVD away with her in the kitchen, and hid it somewhere. This is an example of taking away a desired object with the

Valedictorian Speech :: essays research papers

First of all I would like to congratulate my fellow classmates Hello my name is Sarah and I am very proud to say I am valedictorian of this program. When I first started classes at this college I was afraid I wasn’t even going to pass let alone be standing here today. It had been a long time since I sat in a class room. I thought I was too old to go back to school. But I was wrong. Coming to this school has been one of the most fulfilling decisions I have made in my life. When I am at home watching tv and a commercial for this college comes on my 4 year old will start yelling that my momma’s college with a big smile on his face it makes me feel proud to be a part of this class. These past eight months have been tough. Especially for those of us with children who know its not easy to do our homework when our kids are trying to color in our text books. Or study for a test when the baby is crying. at first I felt a guilty, not having any time to spend my son. But I just kept remembering the banner we have over the stair case on our campus. It says sacrifice is temporary but I will be a college graduate forever. As I stand up here today and all my hard work has paid of I know my children and my family are so proud of me. As I am sure all of you are as proud of all your graduates standing up here today. I would like to thank you all for giving us the ext ra help, support and understanding we have needed to succeed these past eight months. I would like to thank my teacher Mr. S, for making my learning experience at this school a fun and exciting one. Even thought at times it seamed like he thought we were marines instead of student, Never the less he is just a great teacher I would like to take the time to thank my in-laws for letting me use their car to get to class when mine broke down.My other half for being so helpful with the kids when I had homework or a test to study for.

My Favourite Day of the Week

Saturdays have always been special to me. When I lived in Mexico, Saturday was the most hoped for day of the week. I remember that my cousin and I were always wishing for the school week to end and for Saturday to begin. Every Saturday morning would start the same way: my cousin would come to my house to wake me up. Around 10 a.m. we would go out of town to my family’s ranch. Once at the ranch, we enjoyed a variety of activities. The sun shone down on us, as we lived out our wonderful Saturdays away from the city. We would play soccer, run with the dogs and sometimes hunt birds and lizards with my uncle. There were occasions when we got to help my uncle sow (plant seeds) corn or chiles. Those days were hard, but we still enjoyed them. When we came back from work, we would be rewarded with warm bowls of my grandma’s pasta and beans, accompanied by handmade tortillas and mugs of chocolate caliente (hot chocolate). After we ate our delicious feast, we would retreat to the lone pine tree behind the house to climb the branches and rest, at last. Usually in the afternoon my uncle would take us to the lake; the water was icy cold but it did not matter since there was nothing comparable to the fun that we had at the lake. There was a garden just a few miles away from the house, and often on Saturdays we would go there. Following our swim in the lake, we would eat luscious fruit from the trees. For two hours or more, we would savor sweet peaches, mangos, juicy oranges and sweet guavas. Then, we would return to the house at sunset. On our way back, my uncle would let us ride the mule, since the journey was long. At last, my family would gather around a bonfire to tell scary stories under the starry, dark sky. All of these meals and excursions were such heavenly fun—it is easy to see why Saturdays in Mexico were the most exciting days of my life. My Saturday experiences have changed since arriving in the United States. Here, there is no longer my cousin to spend the day with me; however, I have my family and a boyfriend, who always tries to make Saturdays a different experience than the rest of the week. Now on Saturday I usually wake up around 9 a.m. and take a peacefully lengthy shower. Then, I sit with my family at the table to eat a delightful breakfast that my mom prepares for us. Sometimes I go with my family to play basketball at the park, where we indulge in meals of carne asada. Once in a while we go to the beach or visit my aunt in Ontario. When we go to Ontario, my mom and I go shopping with my female cousins and my aunt. Then at noon my uncle and father cook for us and we have picnic at the park near my aunt’s house. We spend the whole day with them and return home late at night. Also, there are some Saturdays that I spend with my boyfriend. He is not only my boyfriend, he is my best friend, my companion and my comfort. The Saturdays spent with my boyfriend are even more meaningful than those spent in Ontario with my aunt and her family. My boyfriend and I go to the theater to enjoy a movie or just stay home sharing the happiness and misfortunes of the week with each other. No matter what we do, our time together makes my Saturday a special day. I prefer Saturdays over other days of the week because I find harmony within myself. My life is always filled with so many things to do; on every other day I never seem to have a minute of peace. Monday through Friday I dedicate every waking moment to school, work and community issues. On Sundays I volunteer at a museum. Therefore, Saturday is my favorite day of the week because it is wonderfully different from my routine. Additionally, on that day I have the opportunity to spend time with my family and to demonstrate my love and appreciation toward them. There could never be another day of the week like Saturday. Saturdays are exceptional for me; they represent unforgettable memories from my past that I continue to preserve in my heart and mind. I will never forget those amazing weekends with my cousin in Mexico. They are memorable moments that make my Saturdays in the United States (almost) as enjoyable.